What are the signs of a raptor suffering from frounce?

A raptor suffering from frounce, which is an infection typically caused by a protozoan parasite known as Trichomonas gallinae, often exhibits white spots in the mouth or crop. These lesions are significant indicators of the condition. The presence of these white spots can stem from the parasite causing inflammation and necrosis in the oral cavity, which can impair the bird's ability to feed and digest food properly.

While excessive chirping and wing flapping could indicate discomfort or distress in a bird, they are not specific signs associated with frounce. Similarly, feather loss and poor plumage may suggest a range of health issues, including nutritional deficiencies or other diseases, but not necessarily frounce specifically. Lethargy and refusal to fly can indicate many health issues, but without the characteristic oral lesions, they are not definitive indicators of this particular condition. The specificity of white spots in the mouth or crop makes it the most accurate sign of a raptor affected by frounce.